Potohar (or Potwar or Pothohar) Plateau is a plateau in Pakistan. The area was the home of the Soan civilization, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The people, colorful landscape, lakes, hill ranges, are sufficient reasons to explore the land that is largely off the beaten track. But you do not see many backpackers in the area. The local people, Pothoharis, speak a distinctive dialect or language. Gujar Khan is called the heart of this region.

History

Some of world history has started from this region. The first residents of the land we now call home were Stone Age people in the Potwar Plateau. They were followed by the more urbane Indus Valley civilization which flourished between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Some of the earliest Stone Age artifacts in the world have been found in the Pothohar region, with a probable antiquity of about 500,000 years. The crude stone implements recovered from the terraces of the Soan carry the account of human grind and endeavors in this part of the world to the inter-glacial period.

The Stone Age men produced their equipment in a sufficiently homogenous way to justify their grouping in terms of a culture called the Soan Culture. Around 3000 BC, small village communities developed in the Potohar area and people began to take the first hesitant steps towards the formation of society. Gujar Khan is called the heart of this region.

Geography

Bounded on the east by the River Jhelum, on the west by the Indus, on the north by the and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range, Potohar Plateau is really undulating, multi-colored, picturesque and geographically ill-defined area. The diverse wildlife like urial, chinkara, , hare, porcupine, mongoose, wild boar, and add color to the beauty of the area. Sadly, due to low rain fall, extensive deforestation, coal mining and oil and gas exploration, the Valley is becoming devoid of vegetation. The under water areas of lakes (Uchali, Khabeki and Jhallar - internationally recognized Ramsar site, and scenic ) have reduced to much smaller areas than in the past. Experts say that the lake has been here for at least 400 years. Locals tell about a strange phenomenon that was observed over in 1982. A very broad and distinct rainbow appeared over the horizon of Ucchali and was seen continuously for 15 days. No scientific explanation of this has been given so far, but the locals think that the rainbow appeared because of a volcano hidden under the lakes. They also tell that because of the hidden volcano the water of the Lake keeps changing color.

Gujar Khan is called the heart of this region. Two of the Nishan-i-Haider of Pakistan belong to this region. Huge reserves of oil had been discovered in Gujar Khan.

Kallar Kahar is famous family picnic spot. It is surely one of the most scenic places in the country outside the popular hill resorts and besides locals foreigners from Islamabad frequent the site. There is a shrine of the saint where peacocks dance and people who visit the shrine see them. But Kallar Kahar Interchange on the Motorway is turning the Lake into a typical bus 'adda.'

Dhan Valley, commonly called Dhan Kahon, is the middle segment of the ancient Pothohar Plateau. The contemporary city of Chakwal in the Dhan Kahon is relatively new. Chako Khan of Maer Minhas tribe founded it in the period of Mughal Emperor . Chakwal was created as an independent district of Rawalpindi division in 1985 by combining subdivision Chakwal of district Jhelum, subdivision Talagang of district Attock and a part of , carved out of subdivision Pind Dadan Khan, district Jhelum. The geography and environs make Chakwal a predominantly rural district pivoted on an arid agrarian economy. The economy in the area is fast changing though - drifting from agrarian to industrial. The Dhan Kahon is becoming industrial and Chakwal is emerging as an Industrial Town of the future. Completion of Motorway passing near Chakwal has expedited the process.

Dhan Kahon is an arid area and the terrain is mainly hilly, covered with scrub forest in the southwest, and leveled plains interspaced with dry rocky patches in the north and northeast. The tribes, clans and castes that inhabit this area - some of them may be indigenous people - are the Awans, Rajputs, Mehr, Kahuts, Mughals, Gujars, Gondals, Arains and the Sheikhs. The physical features of the area, its tribes, its society and its economy all combine to make Chakwal one of the main recruiting areas for the armed forces.

There is a famous saying that every second person of area is a soldier (and every third one is a poet). The only option available to the spirited and rugged people of the area famous for martial traditions was service in the armed forces. An actual artillery gun -- awarded to a valiant soldier Subedar Gul Muhammad of Dulmial in the First World War - mounted on a platform in front of his village is testimony to the fact. The gun is one of the only two such awards in the world. This trend is quickly changing. New avenues in business and industry are opening every day.

Chakwal town has evolved over time without deliberate planning depending on the need and situation suited to fulfill the ordinary requirements of living. Like Bannu, Kohat and Mianwali towns, in bazaars of Chakwal one finds chukor or quails hanging in cages on every second shop. Or you see people fondly taming the quails for the next fight. The old parts of residential area of Chakwal consist of two or more storied houses on both sides of narrows, undulating, paved pedestrian streets, with their walls common with other houses on three sides. The houses mostly do not have any lawns, but internal courtyards do exist, and roof-tops are utilized for sleeping in the summer. However, the houses belonging to the upper and upper-middle classes are modern bungalow type with lawns and peripheral walls. Construction of spanking new houses is priority one for the people employed abroad.

The town has all necessary infrastructure and communication network for development but no water. The quantity of water in the city is less and sub-soil level is too deep. There are no hand pumps. The water found in most of the places is chemically hard. There are very few sweet (soft) water wells either in homes or in and around the city, which are not enough to provide even drinking water to the residents. The water supply scheme started with construction of Dhok Talian and Khokhar Zer small dams in 1972. The rainwater is collected in these cement reservoirs 27 kilometres away from Chakwal, pumped to village Waryamal where it is treated and then supplied in the city. But people still prefer to buy sweet well water for drinking at the rate of two rupees per 18 liter can. Or women fetch water in large containers on their head.The pressure in supply lines is never enough. People have installed motor pumps in their homes to suck water to fill their own containers when supply is opened at different timings. Chakwalians still are living under strict water discipline permanently.

There is a good road network in the area. You can turn to Chakwal from the Grand Trunk Road either at or from Mandra or you get to the town from Sargodha. Mandra-Chakwal-Bhun railway that was brought into this mineral rich area in 1922 has been closed though. A big blunder! Different items from railway stations en route have been taken away. It could have been useful to keep this track operational for petroleum industry which is passing through primary and experimental phase and other minerals like coal, salt, gypsum, limestone and fine construction stone found in the area. Right now Pakistani experts are carrying out extensive exploration of oil and gas. This railway track could become very vital if Kalabagh Dam is constructed and Attock-Jand-Injra railway track is affected. In that case Mandra-Chakwal-Bhun route could be extended up to Injra as it was originally planned. The rail route also had a strategic importance due to an air force installation in the vicinity.

Chakwal is famous for many things: bulls, ground nuts, golden 'Ar' work on chappal (sandals), and fast growing cotton industry, brick kiln industry, clay pots and sweets commonly known as rewaryan. Found of cockfight, quail fight and dog fights, chakwalians organize annual horse and cattle show where people of the area gather to enjoy horse races, hunting dog races and other local sports in addition to parading and trading of fine quality animals. There are no parks, no sports stadium in town.

The Civil Hospital was upgraded to the level of District Headquarters Hospital but this change has made no difference. Through the bus terminal has been shifted out of the city, embussing and debussing take place at the site of old bus stand. Only empty buses go to the stand outside the town, pay stand tax and come back empty.

Saadat Hassan Anwar, a socialite, says, "If we can take care of our water and sanitation problems real soon, Chakwal can emerge as pollution free cosmopolitan city and industrial centre of the country. People, politicians and have to do much more than give a good try."